It has been asserted that, based on a pre-election agreement promising them favorable federal treatment, the Chicago Mob (known as the "Outfit") was responsible for John Kennedy's . The world held its breath awaiting the Soviet reply. In autumn, 1960, the Rev. Henry Fairlie argues that these were a self-fulfilling prophecy, that the very rhetoric and style of the Kennedys were largely responsible for the unrest and disilussionment that marked the late 1960's. Senator Kennedy visited the cities of Columbus, Warm Springs, and Lagrange on his campaign trail in Georgia. He admired Roosevelt and commended him for sticking up for the farmers, workers, small towns, big cities, those in poverty, and those who were sick. As a result, King's father endorsed Kennedy, and he received much favorable publicity among the black electorate. Nixon also criticized Kennedy for stating that Quemoy and Matsu, two small islands off the coast of Communist China that were held by Nationalist Chinese forces based in Taiwan, were outside the treaty of protection the United States had signed with the Nationalist Chinese. "[52] He promised to respect the separation of church and state and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy to him. What did President Kennedy promise to America by the end of the current decade? Moreover, since 87% of American households had a television in 1960 [and that the] fraction of Americans lacking access to television in 1960 was concentrated in rural areas and particularly in southern and western states, places that were unlikely to hold significant proportions of Catholic voters.[36]. Then, in a move that surprised many, Kennedy asked Johnson to be his running mate. Realizing that legal segregation and widespread discrimination hurt the country’s chances of gaining allies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the federal government increased efforts to secure the civil rights of African Americans in the 1960s. credit a: modification of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modification of work by Central Intelligence Agency), Following the French retreat from Indochina, the United States stepped in to prevent what it believed was a building Communist threat in the region. By visiting unswayable Republican or Democratic strongholds, he wasted precious time and energy. Kennedy's win made him both the youngest man elected to the presidency and the first U.S. president born in the twentieth century. Some historians criticize Nixon for not taking greater advantage of Eisenhower's popularity (which was around 60–65% throughout 1960 and on election day) and for not discussing the prosperous economy of the Eisenhower presidency more often in his campaign. [80], The number of popular votes Kennedy and Nixon received in Georgia is also difficult to determine because voters voted for 12 separate electors. There was a call from segregationists for electoral votes to be withheld or to be cast for Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, a segregationist Democrat, as an independent candidate. On the afternoon of July 14, 1960, Democratic Presidential nominee John F. Kennedy made official his chosen running mate for that year's election - Missouri Senator Stuart Symington. Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts, Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas, Former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. When the Republican Chicago Tribune went to press, 79% of Cook County precincts had reported, compared with just 62% of Illinois's precincts overall. Through incisive analyses of the many subsequent accounts and investigations, including the movie JFK, she shows how the media downplayed the shortcomings in their coverage and used the assassination story to promote themselves as cultural ... He was also endorsed by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Henry Fonda, and Harry Belafonte. In early 1960, Papa Joe met with Roselli, Sinatra and Giancana several times, mostly at secret meetings at the Cal-Neva Lodge, where Sinatra was a part owner, and Giancana a secret owner, most likely through Sinatra. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived ... The election of 1960 brought to the forefront a generation of politicians born in the twentieth century, pitting the 47-year-old Republican vice president Richard M. … Many clouds distorted or obscured interpretation of the pivotal … The president responded by sending the U.S. Army and National Guard to Oxford, Mississippi, to support the U.S. Although his stance on civil rights had won him support in the African American community and his steely performance during the Cuban Missile Crisis had led his overall popularity to surge, Kennedy understood that he had to solidify his base in the South to secure his reelection. Found inside... early 1957.10 John F. Kennedy's promise to protect the textile industry helped him win the 1960 presidential election. ... the U.S. military occupation of Okinawa if the Japanese government did not further restrain textile exports. Instead of having the voters choose from slates of electors, the Alabama ballot had voters choose the electors individually. Although Kennedy had only competed in nine presidential primaries,[9] Kennedy's rivals, Johnson and Symington, failed to campaign in any primaries. [2] Kennedy benefited from the economic recession of 1957–58, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party, and he had the advantage of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans. The Katers rigged up a tape recorder to pick up the sounds of the couple's lovemaking and snapped a picture of Kennedy himself. In January 1959, following the overthrow of the corrupt and dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista, Castro assumed leadership of the new Cuban government. During a televised debate, Kennedy impressed viewers. A controversial portrait of the thirty-fifth president explores his less-recognized roles in promoting anti-communism, tax cuts, free trade, and other agendas that had distinctly conservative stances. Slide 1 PROMISES AND TURMOIL: THE 1960S Unit 8 Ch.28 Slide 2 ELECTION OF 1960 Republican- Nixon o Eisenhower's vice president for 8 years o good campaigner o kitchen debate… "They stole it fair and square.". In August, President Eisenhower, who had long been ambivalent about Nixon, held a televised press conference in which a reporter, Charles Mohr of Time, mentioned Nixon's claims that he had been a valuable administration insider and adviser. On October 27, Kennedy's agreement was made public, and the crisis ended. Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. In the end, Kennedy won the election by the closest margin since 1888, defeating Nixon with only 0.01 percent more of the record sixty-seven million votes cast. [47][48], A key concern in Kennedy's campaign was the widespread skepticism among Protestants about his Roman Catholic religion. Realizing that Diem would never agree to the reunification of the country under Ho Chi Minh’s leadership, the North Vietnamese began efforts to overthrow the government of the South by encouraging insurgents to attack South Vietnamese officials. Kennedy’s selection of Lyndon Johnson as Vice President anchored significant southern support at the risk of alienating northern liberals. It passed both houses of Congress and was sent to the states for ratification in September 1962. He would have ended our involvement in Vietnam. What two factors helped Kennedy win the 1960 presidential election? During Kennedy's campaign he relied on his youth and promised to bring about change. Not made public, but nevertheless part of the agreement, was Kennedy’s promise to remove U.S. warheads from Turkey, as close to Soviet targets as the Cuban missiles had been to American ones. It also funded a growing middle class of government workers, engineers, and defense contractors in states ranging from California to Texas to Florida—a region that would come to be known as the Sun Belt—becoming a symbol of American technological superiority. Evelyn Lincoln, Kennedy's personal secretary, told Summers in an interview that she was convinced in mid-1960 that J. Edgar Hoover and Johnson had conspired. Nonetheless, they refused to vote for Kennedy. That is, Nixon lost 28% (.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}17/61) of the Eisenhower voters, while Kennedy lost only 15% of the Stevenson voters. However, no details about the sample have ever been reported, and it is unclear whether the survey results can be generalized to a larger population. The reapportionment took place after the 1960 election. Kennedy moved to recover disenchanted liberal support by courting leading liberals. Moreover, Nixon never led in Illinois, and Kennedy's lead merely shrank as election night went on.[76]. This legacy indicates that Kennedy’s victory was attributable in significant measure to his unique and captivating style. Up to the 1st December doubts about his experience had threatened to destroy his campaign, but the debate came to undermine Nixon’s superiority and allay doubts about Kennedy’s character. Once Theodore H. White's book became, more or less, the standard account of the 1960 election, the faulty story of Kennedy's "image" winning the TV debate and Nixon's … Menu. Found insideLess than two weeks before the 1960 election, the New York Times ran a frontpage headline that got everyone's attention ... 33 Until then, most Americans did not realize that the dollar was in any kind of danger, but Kennedy's promise ... “Jack” Kennedy, or JFK, went sailing off the coast of his family’s Cape Cod estate and socialized with celebrities ([link]). Among them was a pledge, made without approval, that if elected, Nixon would name at least one African American to a Cabinet post. "[22] Kennedy discussed his six-point plan for healthcare. Nixon was superb at foreign affairs. The 1960 presidential election was not decided by one event, tactic or blunder. [70] Some Republicans argued, without evidence, that Johnson's formidable political machine had stolen enough votes in counties along the Mexican border to give Kennedy the victory. Kennedy, who had promised in his inaugural address to protect the interests of the “free world,” engaged in Cold War politics on a variety of fronts. He looked and spoke better than Nixon. An academic study in 1985[79] later analyzed the ballots of two disputed precincts in Chicago which were subject to a recount. Hoover was known to keep detailed files on the personal lives of many political figures and Kennedy was no exception. The situation was more complicated on the Democratic side. Hersh goes on to present an alternative version of events; he writes that Kennedy was essentially blackmailed into offering the vice presidency to Johnson. However, President Eisenhower, who had largely sat out the campaign, made a vigorous campaign tour for Nixon over the last 10 days before the election. Nixon refused to take further action, but Kennedy placed calls to local political authorities to get King released from jail, and he also called King's father and wife. In the presidential election of 1960, John F. Kennedy promised what he called a New Frontier. He was a man of literary stature, a Pulitzer Prize winning author. [46] The main topic of this debate was whether military force should be used to prevent Quemoy and Matsu, two island archipelagos off the Chinese coast, from falling under Communist control. He realized that he could not be elected without the support of traditional Southern Democrats, most of whom had backed Johnson. This is an excruciating book that purports to refute three myths about the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy, a junior U.S. President Harry S. Truman had no love for France’s colonial regime in Southeast Asia but did not want to risk the loyalty of its Western European ally against the Soviet Union. The 1960 presidential race was one of the closest elections in U.S. history, but 50 years ago today, John F. Kennedy won the White House. "[69] Nevertheless, the Chicago Tribune (which routinely endorsed GOP presidential candidates, including Nixon in 1960, 1968 and 1972) wrote that "the election of November 8 was characterized by such gross and palpable fraud as to justify the conclusion that [Nixon] was deprived of victory."[69]. John F. Kennedy, a wealthy Democratic senator from Massachusetts, was elected president in 1960, defeating Vice President Richard Nixon. The Dilemma of the West, Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 1800–1860, African Americans in the Antebellum United States, The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States, Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 1820–1860, An Awakening of Religion and Individualism, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party, The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife, The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War, Congress and the Remaking of the South, 1865–1866, Go West Young Man! The years following world War II, to the Vatican was anathema to many Americans was still.! Plans unless it came directly from John Kennedy was much more prepared for the United States is... Also promised air support, which enabled the Cuban Missile crisis, they voted for Barry goldwater vice... Nixon finally conceded the election, and the northern Ireland ghetto 's man whose wartime injuries him... The pressure on Kennedy at the time, Thruston Ballard Morton, regarded the African-American vote as the most. 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